【经典童书】《The Wonderful Adventures of Nils 尼尔斯骑鹅历险记》：一场奇幻之旅

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在瑞典文学史上，有这样一本神奇的书：它诞生于教科书的任务，却成为全球儿童文学的经典；它用天马行空的想象描绘北欧大地，却承载着深刻的人文关怀。这就是瑞典首位诺贝尔文学奖得主塞尔玛·拉格洛夫的代表作——《

The Wonderful Adventures of Nils 》尼尔斯骑鹅旅行记。

一、从教科书到文学经典：一本“被委托”的奇迹

1902年，瑞典国家教师联盟委托作家塞尔玛·拉格洛夫创作一本“以故事形式介绍瑞典地理、生物和文化遗产”的教科书。这个看似枯燥的任务，却在拉格洛夫笔下焕发新生。她耗时五年实地考察，将瑞典的山川地貌、民俗传说与一个顽童的奇幻冒险完美融合，最终成就了这部充满诗意的成长小说。

1909年，拉格洛夫凭借此书与《耶路撒冷》等作品成为首位女性诺贝尔文学奖得主，评委会盛赞她作品中“崇高的理想主义、生动的想象力与精神的洞察力”。

二、一个顽童的蜕变之旅：故事背后的双重地图

**主线故事**：  

自私顽劣的14岁男孩尼尔斯因捉弄小精灵被施咒，变成拇指大的小人，意外骑上家鹅莫顿，跟随大雁群开启了一场跨越瑞典全境的冒险。从南部的斯科纳到北部的拉普兰，他在拯救动物伙伴、对抗天敌狐狸的过程中，逐渐学会责任、勇气与共情，最终完成从“熊孩子”到“小英雄”的蜕变。

THE BOY

THE ELF

Sunday, March twentieth.

Once there was a boy. He was—let us say—something like fourteen years old; long and loose-jointed and towheaded. He wasn't good for much, that boy. His chief delight was to eat and sleep; and after that—he liked best to make mischief.

It was a Sunday morning and the boy's parents were getting ready to go to church. The boy sat on the edge of the table, in his shirt sleeves, and thought how lucky it was that both father and mother were going away, and the coast would be clear for a couple of hours. "Good! Now I can take down pop's gun and fire off a shot, without anybody's meddling interference," he said to himself.

But it was almost as if father should have guessed the boy's thoughts, for just as he was on the threshold—ready to start—he stopped short, and turned toward the boy. "Since you won't come to church with mother and me," he said, "the least you can do, is to read the service at home. Will you promise to do so?" "Yes," said the boy, "that I can do easy enough." And he thought, of course, that he wouldn't read any more than he felt like reading.

The boy thought that never had he seen his mother so persistent. In a second she was over by the shelf near the fireplace, and took down Luther's Commentary and laid it on the table, in front of the window—opened at the service for the day. She also opened the New Testament, and placed it beside the Commentary. Finally, she drew up the big arm-chair, which was bought at the parish auction the year before, and which, as a rule, no one but father was permitted to occupy.



**隐藏地图**：  这场冒险实则是一张**瑞典全景导览图**：  

- **地理**：穿越维纳恩湖的碧波，俯瞰“北方威尼斯”斯德哥尔摩，探秘北极圈内的极光；  

- **生态**：认识白鹳、驯鹿、海豹等北欧特有生物；  

- **文化**：聆听维京传说、参观古老铜矿、见证传统节日……  

拉格洛夫以文学之笔编织知识，让读者在惊险故事中“云游瑞典”。



三、超越时代的永恒主题

1. 自然与人类的对话  

当尼尔斯缩小成“虫子般的存在”，他被迫以平等视角观察自然：被人类伤害的动物会复仇，被破坏的森林会哭泣。书中“动物会议审判人类”等情节，堪称19世纪末的“生态预警”，与当代环保思想不谋而合。



2. 成长的寓言

尼尔斯每一次帮助动物（如解救被囚禁的松鼠母亲、修补鹤之舞破损的巢），都是对自私本性的剥离。当他最终说出“比起变回人类，我更希望你们平安”时，完成了从“索取者”到“守护者”的升华。



3. 流浪与归乡的哲学  

这场跨越3000公里的旅行，始终指向“回家”的母题。当尼尔斯带着更广阔的视野回归故土，暗示着：真正的成长不是逃离，而是带着世界的馈赠重建与家园的连接。



四、艺术魅力：童话外衣下的文学匠心

双重叙事视角：既保留全知视角的宏观地理描写，又通过尼尔斯“虫眼视角”展现微观世界的奇幻（如将草叶视为森林，水滴折射出彩虹王国）；  

北欧神话基因：大雁首领阿卡的形象源自北欧战神女武神，狐狸斯密尔的复仇暗合“洛基式诡计”，赋予故事史诗气质；  

诗性语言：拉格洛夫以散文诗般的笔触描写极光——“天空点燃了绿色的火焰，仿佛诸神在擦拭他们的盔甲”。



五、全球影响：从纸质书到数字时代

- **跨媒介经典**：被改编为日本动画《尼尔斯骑鹅历险记》（1980）、瑞典皇家剧院舞台剧、甚至VR互动教育项目；  

- **文化符号**：瑞典将书中场景印上纸币，斯德哥尔摩建有“尼尔斯铜像”；  

- **教育启示**：证明了“知识可以不用说教传递”，为全球教科书创作提供范本。



为什么今天的读者仍需打开这本书？

- **给孩子的礼物**：它是对自然万物保持敬畏的启蒙课；  

- **给成人的镜子**：尼尔斯的故事让我们反思：在“巨大化”的现代社会，我们是否遗失了与自然、与他人共情的能力？  

- **给世界的答案**：当生态危机加剧，书中“人类只是自然链条一环”的警示，比任何时候都更值得聆听。

合上《尼尔斯骑鹅历险记》，仿佛经历了一场灵魂的飞行。那个骑着白鹅穿越云层的男孩告诉我们：真正的冒险，从来不是征服远方，而是让心灵在行走中变得辽阔而柔软。